In this article, we demonstrate a general in situ CDI method to simultaneously reconstruct time-evolving complex exit waves of dynamic processes with spatial resolution only limited by diffraction signals. While in situ electron microscopy can achieve much higher spatial resolution 45, the dynamic scattering effect limits the sample thickness and restricts the technique’s applicability to a wider range of samples. Recently, in situ and operando X-ray microscopy have advanced to study dynamic processes with elemental and chemical specificity 43, 44, but the spatial resolution is limited by the X-ray lens. As many natural phenomena of interest evolve in response to external stimuli, CDI can make important contributions to the understanding of these dynamic phenomena 22, 29, 36, 41, 42. With continuous rapid development of coherent X-ray sources 33, 34, 35, 36, high-speed detectors 37, and powerful algorithms 38, 39, CDI methods are expected to have a larger impact across different disciplines in the future 36. The first experimental demonstration of coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) in 1999 1 has spawned a wealth of development in lensless imaging and computational microscopy methods with widespread scientific applications 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32. With further development, we envision in situ CDI could be applied to probe a range of dynamic phenomena in the future. Our numerical simulations further indicated that in situ CDI can potentially reduce radiation dose by more than an order of magnitude relative to conventional CDI. We validated this method using optical laser experiments and numerical simulations with coherent X-rays. By introducing a time-invariant overlapping region as real-space constraint, we simultaneously reconstructed a time series of complex exit wave of dynamic processes with robust and fast convergence. Here, we report the development of a general in situ CDI method for real-time imaging of dynamic processes in solution. One of CDI’s important applications is to probe dynamic phenomena with high spatiotemporal resolution. Coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) has been widely applied in the physical and biological sciences using synchrotron radiation, X-ray free-electron laser, high harmonic generation, electrons, and optical lasers.
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